The key technology system of forklift-type AGVs integrates multiple fields such as navigation, perception, control, and communication. In terms of navigation technology, SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) is the primary navigation and positioning technology applied to unmanned forklifts. Modern AGV unmanned forklifts use laser SLAM technology, building maps and achieving precise positioning through a top-mounted lidar. Currently, SLAM navigation has become mainstream, accounting for approximately 70% of the market share, while traditional laser reflector navigation accounts for about 23% and is gradually being replaced. To improve navigation reliability, laser SLAM is combined with visual navigation to form a multimodal fusion navigation system of "laser + vision". Forklift SLAM navigation AGVs use laser SLAM algorithms for navigation, eliminating the need for pre-laid infrastructure such as magnetic strips and reflectors.
Regarding perception and obstacle avoidance systems, to ensure operational safety, forklift-type AGVs are equipped with a multi-level sensor matrix. This typically includes a laser scanner for mid-to-long-range obstacle detection, ultrasonic sensors for detecting low obstacles, and mechanical buffers and emergency stop devices as a last line of defense. Some intelligent unmanned forklifts feature 360-degree safety protection.
In terms of motion control and mechanical design, the forks are driven by servo motors, automatically adjusting their width to accommodate pallets of different sizes and possessing lateral shift capabilities to compensate for minor errors in navigation or pallet placement. High-precision motion control is fundamental to achieving millimeter-level operation. The servo motors receive signals from the navigation system to precisely control the wheel speed and steering angle, ensuring a stopping position error of ≤5mm. For heavy-duty AGVs, a PLC-controlled center-of-gravity adjustment device is used, adjusting the center of gravity through the horizontal lateral movement of counterweights to ensure stable operation. Precise measurement of fork position relies on high-precision draw-wire displacement sensors. One type of forklift AGV uses an omnidirectional chassis and a telescopic forklift mechanism, improving loading and unloading efficiency and adapting to narrow aisles.
Regarding onboard control systems and communication scheduling, the onboard control system, as the "brain" of the AGV, has been independently developed by leading companies in the industry. AGVs seamlessly integrate with upper-level systems such as WMS and ERP via wireless communication modules, enabling automatic task allocation and real-time inventory updates. Leveraging its high bandwidth and low latency, 5G networks, combined with MEC (Multi-access Edge Computing), provide robust network and computing power support for multi-vehicle collaboration, real-time path planning, and global positioning, effectively resolving issues such as unstable signals and untimely scheduling responses inherent in traditional Wi-Fi connections.